Pamela Kyle Crossley is Collis Professor of History at Dartmouth College and a specialist on the Qing empire and modern China. She also writes on Central and Inner Asian history, global history, and the history of horsemanship in Eurasia before the modern period. Her most recent book is The Wobbling Pivot, China Since 1800: An Interpretive History (2010).
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Pamela Kyle Crossley
Two women wear protective clothing on the street in Wuhan, China, on February 10.
A boy wearing the costume of a Qing emperor prepares to pose for photographs at a park near the Forbidden City in Beijing on Jan. 1. (Wang Zhao/AFP/Getty Images)
A Chinese policeman secures an area ahead of the arrival of U.S. First Lady Melania Trump on the Great Wall of China on the outskirts of Beijing on Nov. 10, 2017. (Nicolas Asfouri/AFP/Getty Images)
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan wave as they leave the plane upon their arrival at Moscow's Vnukovo II Government airport on May 8, 2015. Jinping arrived in Moscow to take part in the Victory Day celebrations. AFP PHOTO / ALEXANDER NEMENOV (Photo credit should read ALEXANDER NEMENOV/AFP/Getty Images)
JINING, CHINA - SEPTEMBER 28: (CHINA OUT) People wearing raincoats participate in 2014 Confucius Memorial Ceremony on September 28, 2014 in Jining, Shangdong province of China. Memorial ceremony to mark the 2,565th birthday anniversary of Confucius was held in Jining on Sunday. (Photo by ChinaFotoPress/ChinaFotoPress via Getty Images)
Chinese people use computers at an internet bar in Beijing on September 30, 2009. Press rights group Reporters Without Borders said on September 29 that a "paranoid" China had blocked tens of thousands of websites ahead of the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic. AFP PHOTO/LIU Jin (Photo credit should read LIU JIN/AFP/Getty Images)
BEIJING, CHINA - NOVEMBER 15: Members of the new Politburo Standing Committee Xi Jinping (Front) delivers a speech as (L-R) Liu Yunshan, Zhang Dejiang, Li Keqiang, Yu Zhengsheng and Wang Qishan standing at the Great Hall of the People on November 15, 2012 in Beijing, China. China's ruling Communist Party today revealed the new Politburo Standing Committee after its 18th congress. (Photo by Feng Li/Getty Images)
Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) naval officers march pass Tiananmen Square during the National Day parade in Beijing on October 1, 2009. China formally kicked off mass celebrations of 60 years of communist rule with a 60-gun salute that rung out across Beijing's historic Tiananmen Square. AFP PHOTO/FREDERIC J. BROWN (Photo credit should read FREDERIC J. BROWN/AFP/Getty Images)